17
Analytical models
Topaze uses well, reservoir and boundary models listed
on pages 50–51. Topaze can simulate pressures from
rates, rates and cumulative production from pressures,
or both. History matching is obtained by nonlinear
regression of the model on pressures, rates, cumulative
production or any weighted average.
Numerical models
In more complex cases Topaze numerical models
are used to generate geometries beyond the scope
of analytical models. This is predominantly 2D, but
with 3D refinement where needed. The horizontal
multifractured well for unconventional resources
is included. Numerical models also address
nonlinearities, replacing the linear diffusion used
in analytical model by the real diffusion equations
solving for real gas, non-Darcy flow, pressure related
physical properties, multiphase flow, water drives, and
desorption based on the Langmuir isotherm, for shale
gas (single phase) and coalbed methane (2-phase
water-gas).
Blasingame type-curve with data overlay
Model match on Blasingame plot
Numerical model with multiple wells
3
D model
Water influx
