Technical references

Black-Oil PVT correlations

  • Gas
    • rs : Kleyweg, Ovalle
    • Z : Dranchuk, Standing, Beggs & Brill, Hall-Yarborough, Dranchuk & Abou-Kassem, Span-Wagner (CO2), Chung (CO2)
    • Viscosity : Lee et al., Carr et al., LBC compositional
    • WGR Vap. : Whitson Mohamadi
  • Oil
    • Pb & RS : Lasater, Vasquez & Beggs, Standing, Glaso non volatile, Glaso volatile, Lasater-Standing, Petrosky & Farshad, Kuparuk, South brae
    • Bo : Standing, Vasquez & Beggs, Glaso, Petrosky & Farshad, Kuparuk, South brae
    • Co : Petrosky & Farshad, Vasquez & Beggs
    • Viscosity : Beggs & Robinson, Beal, Glaso (dead oil), Kuparuk, Andrade, Petrosky, Bergman-Sutton
  • Water
    • Rsw : Katz, Meehan & Ramey, Spivey, Haas, Culberson & McKetta
    • Bw : Meehan & Ramey, Spivey
    • Cw : Dodson & Standing, Osif
    • Viscosity : Van-Wingen & Frick, Meehan & Ramey, Helmholtz, Matthews & Russel

Equation of State models

  • Modified Peng-Robinson with Peneloux volume shift
  • SRK with Peneloux volume shift
  • Viscosity : LBC (with/without Heavy Oil Correction)

Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) models

  • Vertical well : Vogel, Transient, Pseudo steady state, Fetkovich, C&n, Jone, LIT
  • Horizontal well : Joshi, Renard, Borisov, Giger, Vlis, Babu and Odeh, Pseudo steady state, Fetkovich, C&n, Jone, LIT
  • Fractured well : Pseudo steady state, Fetkovich, C&n, Jone, LIT

Pressure drop correlations

  • ABB-deviated : Liquid-Liquid; Empirical; deviated
  • Artep : Liquid-Gas; mechanistic; any angle
  • Aziz & Govier : Liquid-Gas; mechanistic; vertical
  • Baxendell & Thomas : Liquid-Gas ; Empirical ; Vertical
  • Beggs & Brill : Liquid-Gas; empirical; any angle
  • Brauner : Liquid-Liquid stratified ; Mechanistic ; Deviated
  • Chierici et al : Liquid-Gas ; Empirical ; Vertical
  • Cornish : Liquid-Gas ; Empirical ; Vertical
  • Choquette : Liquid-Liquid; empirical; vertical
  • Dukler-Ansari : Liquid-Gas; Mechanistic (Dukler’s flow regime maps); Vertical
  • Dukler-Eaton : Liquid-Gas; empirical; horizontal
  • Duns & Ros : Liquid-Gas; empirical; vertical
  • Fancher & Brown : Liquid-Gas ; Empirical ; Vertical
  • Gray : Liquid-Gas ; Empirical ; Vertical
  • Griffith et al : Liquid-Gas ; Empirical ; Vertical
  • Hagedorn-Brown : Liquid-Gas; empirical; vertical
  • Hasan and Kabir : Liquid-Gas; Mechanistic; Deviated
  • Kaya et al : Liquid-Gas; mechanistic; any angle
  • Mukherjee-Brill : Liquid-Gas; Empirical; Deviated
  • Nicolas : Liquid-Liquid; Empirical; deviated
  • Orkiszewski : Liquid-Gas; empirical; vertical
  • Petalas & Aziz : Liquid-Gas; mechanistic; any angle
  • Poetmann & Carpenter : Liquid-Gas ; Empirical ; Vertical
  • Reinicke & al : Liquid-Gas ; Empirical ; Vertical
  • Stanford : Liquid-Gas & 3-Phase; drift flux; any angle
  • Taitel & Dukler : Liquid-Gas; mechanistic; vertical
  • Zhang : 3-Phase stratified; mechanistic; deviated
  • Artificial lift : ESPs and Gas Lift
  • Choke models : API 14B, Sachdeva

KAPPA-Workstation contains an extensive range of well, reservoir and boundary models. In addition KAPPA-Workstation links dynamically to user built models or to an additional and extensive 'external model' library that is available for download from this website.

Built-in analytical models

  • Wellbore models
    • No storage
    • Constant storage
    • Changing storage (Fair, Hegeman, Spivey packer, Spivey fissures)
    • Time dependent
  • Well models
    • Finite radius
    • Fracture - uniform flux
    • Fracture - infinite conductivity
    • Fracture - finite conductivity
    • Horizontal
    • Limited entry
    • Slanted fully penetrating
    • Slanted partially penetrating
    • Multi-fractured horizontal : Simple; SRVB; Trilinear; Conjugate Fractures; Complex (including Fractal)
    • Multilateral
    • Time dependent
  • Skin models
    • Constant
    • Rate dependant
    • Time dependant
  • Reservoir models
    • Homogeneous
    • 2-porosity P.S.S.
    • 2-porosity transient sphere
    • 2-porosity transient slab
    • 2-layer with X-flow
    • Radial composite
    • Linear composite
    • Multi-linear composite
    • Horizontal anisotropy
  • Boundary models
    • Infinite
    • Single sealing fault
    • Single constant pressure fault
    • Leaky fault
    • Closed circle
    • Constant pressure circle
    • 2 parallel faults (sealing or constant pressure)
    • 2 intersecting faults with any angle (sealing or constant pressure)
    • Rectangle, with no flow, constant pressure or no flow boundaries
    • Composite rectangle
    • Multi-linear composite rectangle
  • Multilayer
    • Commingled production (with or without reservoir cross flow)
    • Layered pi
    • Flow behind casing
    • Multilayer with transient crossflow
    • Multilayer with pseudo steady state crossflow
  • Formation Testers
    • Single probe (Circular, Oval) with Anisotropy, Deviation
    • Dual Packer with Anisotropy, Deviation
    • n-Probe (Dual Probe, 3D Radial (Saturn®)) with Anisotropy, Deviation
    • Packer-probe interference with storage and Skin
    • Probe-probe interference (0, 90, 180 °) with storage and Skin
    • n-Probe- probe interference (0, 90, 180 °) with storage and Skin
    • Multiprobe interference in multi-layer reservoirs (no orientation)
  • Proxy models
    • Fractured Horizontal well with anomalous diffusion
    • Multi-zone fractional dimension model
  • Well to Well Interference models
    • Line source wells in homogeneous / dual porosity reservoirs, with / without boundaries
    • Vertical wells in homogenous / dual porosity reservoirs, with / without boundaries
    • Vertical wells in infinite dual permeability reservoirs
    • Vertical wells in multilayer reservoirs (PSS crossflow), with / without boundaries
    • Slanted wells in homogeneous reservoirs, with / without boundaries
    • Limited entry wells in infinite multilayer reservoirs with transient crossflow
    • Horizontal wells in infinite multilayer reservoirs with transient crossflow
  • Miscellaneous
    • Slug (Saphir only)

External analytical models

  • Well Behavior
    • Horizontal well with finite conductivity
    • Radial composite fracture (with fracture extending beyond the composite zone)
    • Horizontal Fracture
    • Multi-lateral horizontal well
    • Multi-segmented well
    • Slanted well in multi-layer reservoir
    • Generalized Multi-Linear MFHW
    • Fractured Elliptical Composite well
    • Fishbone horizontal well
  • Reservoir Behavior
    • 2-layers with X-flow & radial composite
    • 2-layers with X-flow & 2-porosity
    • 2-porosity & radial composite
    • 2-porosity with Skin at matrix blocks
    • 3-porosity (1 fissure and 2 matrices)
    • 3-layers & 4-layers with X-flow
    • Triple porosity + double permeability model
    • Triple porosity and limited entry flow model
    • Fractal reservoir
    • 3 & 4 zones radial composite, infinite or closed circle
    • Injection FallOff Model (single & dual porosity, polymer injection)
  • Boundary Behavior
    • 4-layers with X-flow in closed system
    • Conductive fault
    • Reservoir pinchout
    • Partially Sealing Fault with changing thickness
    • Partially Sealing Fault & Dual Porosity
  • Interference
    • Interference close to a sealing fault

Built-in numerical models

  • Reservoir geometry and properties
    • User defined reservoir contour in the X-Y plane
    • Single or multilayer reservoir
    • Any contour segment sealed, constant pressure or connected to an aquifer
    • Faults with individual leakage factor; Conductive faults; Faults with throws
    • Aquifer models: Carter-Tracy, Fetkovich, Pot, Shiltius, Numerical
    • True double-porosity model (duplication of grids)
    • Composite regions with associated diffusivity, storativity & individual double-porosity models
    • Horizontal & vertical anisotropy
    • Varying thickness, porosity, permeability and NTG fields
    • Initialize model using a geomodeler grid (GRDECL or CMG)
    • Upscale grid using power law or permeameter upscaling
    • Discrete Fracture Network: load via external file; Stochastic distribution with possibility to constrain to µ-seismic events
  • Reservoir Modeling
    • Multilayer
    • Real gas diffusion
    • Non-Darcy flow for gas
    • Gas desorption (with or without diffusion)
    • Hysteresis on Kr and Pc curves
    • Pc definition using J-Function
    • Unconsolidation in fractures and/or matrix
    • Different KrPc in fractures and/or matrix
    • Thermal single phase & multiphase modeling
    • 2D Thermal transient proxy model (Rubis)
  • Well types and options
    • Vertical well, fully or partially perforated
    • Slanted well, fully or partially penetrating
    • Fractured vertical well with finite & infinite conductivity fractures, including limited entry fracture and different fracture properties in different layers
    • Horizontal well
    • Factured horizontal well: Simple; Complex (including Fractal)
      • Import fracture geometry and properties from external packages
      • Define fracture geometry using µ-seismic events
      • Stimulated zone around fractures
      • Flowback modeling
      • Refrac and Infill modeling
    • Complex well trajectory
    • Multilateral well
    • Numerical Proxy Models: SRVB; Trilinear; Numerical Butterfly
    • Inflow Control Devices for non-fractured wells
    • Well - Fault intersection
    • Changing wellbore storage
    • Time-dependent & rate-dependent Skin
    • Well intake definition: Built-in or external lift curves; Tubing or Annular flow; Electical Submersible Pumps (ESPs); Gas Lift; Coal Seam Gas (CSG) intake model; Time dependent intake
  • Formation Testers
    • 3D Wellbore as no-flow boundary
    • Single phase
    • Single and n-layer
    • Multiprobe
  • PVT
    • Single phase, 2-phase WO, WG or OG; 3-phase WOG
    • Black Oil or Compositional PVT (including Confined PVT)
  • Miscellaneous
    • Optimal upscaling
    • Generalized Transmissibility Correction