The highest-level object in the K-A hierarchy is a Field. A field can in turn contain wells, which can possibly be organized in well groups.

To create a field:

Connect to K-A from an internet browser using a web address provided by your IT support.

Click on New , .

Change the Field Name to KA Training, keep all the other information as default.

Click on Create

By switching to the second tab, you can view the complete catalog of Well Properties. If necessary, you can add a new Well property by clicking on . In this example, we will use the ones already available.

By switching to the third tab, you can also view the complete catalog of Data types. If necessary, you can add a new Data type by clicking on . In this example, we will use the ones already available.

To add a well, select the field and under the Info tab, click on Well , , among the options listed at the top:

Change the well Name to KAEX01 , set Production type to Oil Producer, keep all the other information as default.

Press Create.

The well will be listed in the field hierarchy:

Gauges are used to store time lapse data. Once created, a Gauge automatically mirrors (copies) data from a tag located in a historian. Gauges can store data as points or steps.

Creating a Gauge

To create a gauge, select the well and under the Info tab, click on Gauge among the options listed at the top:

The Load window dialog prompts the user to select the data source. Select the BLI Gauges data source where the training datasets are located. Leaving the tag filters blank, click on  to display a list of all the gauges located in the data source:

Data source connectors are predefined links to the company’s data Historian or KAPPA-Server installation and are set up by Administrators of the KAPPA Automate platform. For this exercise, we will be loading the following two gauges:

Loading Pressure data

Select KAEX01p.kbl in the Tag list and click on Next. Change the gauge Name to EX01_BHP, Data type to BHP [Bottom-hole Pressure] :

Switch to 'Secondary parametrs dialog and change and MD , TVD and TVDSS to 10000 ft:

Click on Load.

The gauge will be listed under a Gauges folder in the field hierarchy:

High and Low Frequency Gauges

At load time, KAPPA-Automate treats any source gauge (not being loaded under Production) as high frequency. This is denoted by the High frequency flag in Step 2 of the gauge loading process:

Any high-frequecy data also has an HF label on its icon in the field hierarchy. Users may manually uncheck this flag (usually not recommended) if they only wish to load part of the gauge with less than 100,000 points. However, as the gauge is updated with new data, as soon as the total number of points exceeds 100,000, KAPPA-Automate will automatically flag the gauge as High Frequency. This may have consequences on any workflows using this gauge.

When dealing with High Frequency Gauges, it is recommended not to use the raw gauges directly but filter them to the necessary level for a particular application. In fact, certain built-in workflows in KAPPA-Automate like Shut-In Identification, iPTA and iRTA etc., do no accept raw high frequency gauges as input. It is also not possible to transfer high frequency gauges to KAPPA-Workstation.

Gauge Preview

When loaded, the plot for a high frequency gauge does not show all gauge data. Like in K-S, only a representative preview of the full gauge is shown on the contextual plot. However, it is possible to show a slice (of 100,000 points) of the raw gauge data on the plot.

Select EX01_BHP in the field hierarchy:

Zoom around area of interest and enable Raw data slice,  , in the toolbar to the right of the plot. The plot is updated and 100'000 points of the raw gauge data are highlighted on the plot starting from the left side of the window.

To see the data values, click on Show table,.

It is possible to zoom in/out of the plot or move an existing selection window on the data. As soon as the highlighted raw data slice is not adopted by the window, KA starts processing the gauge to show another slice of 100,000 points of the raw data.

Once done, click on  and to the right of the plot to restore the view.

Filtering High Frequency Gauges

In KAPPA-Automate only high frequency data loaded as a gauge can undergo filtering.

In this section, we will create two different filters (and a third in the next section), with the same denoising but different decimation settings.

Setting up Filter #1

To setup a filtered data, select the gauge and under the Info or Plot tabs, click on Filter among the options listed at the top:

The Y Min, Y Max parameters can be used to exclude outliers from the data. X min is set to the Time of first point by default but may be changed by the user. Rename the filtered gauge to EX01_BHP_F:

Keep the default values and click on Next to navigate to the Data slicing tab. The Data slicing tab shows a preview of the complete gauge in small plot on the left. The red vertical line marks the start of the data slice. The date and time are displayed in the Time of first point field under the Slice settings panel. The end of the data slice is controlled by the Size of slice parameter. Data points in the slice are shown on the large plot to the right. This plot shows all the raw data points in the slice.

Moving either the red vertical line in the full gauge preview or by inputting a date in the Time of first point, set the start of the slicing window to around 9th August 2001:

The idea is to select a representative slice that can be used to set the filtering parameters. Participants may use a different slice if they wish.

Click on Next.

The first step in setting filtering parameters is to select appropriate Denoising parameters.

In the Filter tab keep the default Wavelet II setting and deselect Decimation. Next click on  and inspect the denoising results on the plot with zoom options.

Raw data points are represented in grey, while the denoised data in yellow.

Use the Threshold level to adjust denoising level (set to 14 in the image below).

After an appropriate denoising level is selected switch Decimation on and click on  to update the plot:

Set the required decimation delta t and delta y criteria (2 hrs and 4 psia in the image below) and click on  to visually inspect the results:

The data reduction from decimation can be viewed under the Results preview section:

Use the Zoom in/out to inspect the decimation in other parts of the slice:

Click on Create to accept the filter settings.

The filter will be listed under the parent gauge in the field hierarchy:

Setting up Filter #2

Repeat the same procedure as above, with the following changes:

Auto-Filter

An Auto-Filter bypasses the UI and creates a filter at once, using default settings.

Select EX01_BHP node and click on Auto-Filter, . Rename the filtered data under EX01_BHP_F_AUTO:

Loading Rate data

When a well is created, a Production node is automatically created under it. A single production node can carry all three phases. Multiple production nodes can be created for a given well.

Select the Production #1 node in the field hierarchy and click on Gauge among the options listed at the top.

Repeat the same procedure as for the high frequency pressure gauge and select to load KAEX01q.kbl in the Tag list .

Change the gauge Name to EX01_qo and the Time format to Points. Check High frequency:

Click on Load. The oil node will be ‘filled’ under the production node:

We will not load gas or water rate for this exercise.

Filtering High Frequency Rate Data

The high frequency rate data must also be filtered before proceeding. An Auto-Filter will be used for this purpose. This bypasses the UI and creates a filter at once, using default settings.

Select OIL – EX01_qo node and click on Auto-Filter, . Rename the filtered data under OIL – EX01_qo to EX01_qo_F:

Shut-in identification in KAPPA Automate follows the same principle as KAPPA Server. It can be performed on pressure (or temperature) history data. Shut-ins are identified by searching for discontinuities in the pressure data. Identified shut-ins are recorded in a special SIID logical channel that has the value of “1” for the duration of the shut-in and “0” everywhere else.

Only one Shut-in channel can be created for a well.

Select EX01_BHP_F in the field hierarchy. Under the info or Plot tabs, click on Shut-in , ,among the options listed at the top:

In the consequent wizard, set Minimum shut-in duration to 24 hrs and Minimum pressure change to 1000 psi. Check Required validation:

Click on Create.

Once done, a Shut-in node is added under the well node, with a child Raw Shut-in node:

Click on the Shut-in* node in the well hierarchy. Under the Plot tab, two plots are shown:

Copying Raw Shut-ins to Validated Shut-ins plot

Click on Shut-in validation, , among the options at the top, under the Info or Plot tab. In the Shut-in validation mode, the plot options at the top show the following:

Two plots are shown:

To mimic a realistic scenario, let’s imagine we only have data till the end of the first Shut-in. So, we will limit our validation to the first shut-in at this point.

Select the shut-in on the Detected Shut-in pane (click inside the highlighted area to select) and click on Copy to copy it to the Validated Shut-in pane (Alternatively, double click inside the highlighted area of the shut-in):

QCing copied Shut-in

Once copied, the next step is to QC the shut-ins before validating them. Part of the QC could be to ensure the start and end of the Shut-in has been correctly identified.

Select a recently copied shut-in in the Validated Shut-in pane. This will turn the selected shut-in highlight to blue. Click on Zoom to zoom in on the selected shut-in. The vertical lines marking the start and end of the shut-in can now be interactively edited:

In this mode, the Navigation options become available which can be used to toggle between the unvalidated/recently copied shut-ins.  No change is required at this stage as the detected start and end of the shut-in are satisfactory.

Before validating the SI, it is a good idea to preview the resulting loglog plot. Click on Preview loglog above the plot:

Note that the presence of a rate gauge (raw, filtered or corrected), although can be helpful, is not required for SIID. Therefore, this loglog plot only uses Horner superposition, where tp can be edited by the user (default: 200 hrs). All seems OK here. Close the preview form.

Validating the Shut-ins

Once the needed shut-ins have been copied and QC’ed, they can be validated by clicking on Save:

Once shut-ins have been validated, the logical Shut-in channel can be used to create a corrected production channel.

Click on the Filtered Production node and under the Info or Plot tab, click on Corrected Production:

This launches the following wizard:

Set the following parameters:

A corrected production node is created in the field hierarchy under the well node:

Once the corrected production has been created, click on the Shut-in* node in the field hierarchy and under the Plot tab, click on View loglog, , among the options at the top:

We will now create a few custom plots to better view what has been done so far.

Select the well in the field hierarchy and under the Info tab, click on Plot, , among the options at the top. Call the Plot Production Data and select EX01_BHP_F gauge and the corrected production nodes:

Click on Create.

The plot will be added under a newly created User plots folder in the field hierarchy:

The plot shows that the rate data are synchronized with the pressure data. To inspect in detail, use the zoom in functions.

Proceed with creating another plot called Fine and Coarse Filters and select to display EX01_BHP_F and EX01_BHP_F_C on this plot:

By default, both gauges have the same aspect, making it difficult to identify them.

Click on Edit aspect, , in the plot options on the right. Change the color of EX01_BHP_F to blue:

Using the drop-down list, switch to EX01_BHP_F_C and change its color to orange, Type to circle and increase the size a little:

Click on OK:

Select the field node in the KA hierarchy and under the Info tab, click on Open in KW, , in the options at the top:

This will launch KAPPA-Workstation 5.50.xx with the KW Browser open. The field will be listed in the browser:

Gauges of interest shall be sent to Saphir through a Drag ‘n’ Drop (DnD) via the KW Browser. For this, the target Saphir (or Topaze, Rubis etc.) file must first be created/opened in KW.

Create a new Saphir file.

Set the Reference time of the document equal to the Min X value in the pressure gauge:

Proceed with document creation.

Save this document somewhere on disc and call it iPTA Start.

In KW Browser, select the KA field on one side and the Saphir document on the other. Expand the field hierarchy to the BHP_LF and corrected production channels. Expand the Saphir document to well data.

Drag and drop EX01_BHP_F to the Pressures node and OIL – CorrectedRate_qo to Productions node under Saphir well data:

Since the gauge EX01_BHP_F was loaded all the way to the end, go to Edit P, select the pressure data after the end of production history and delete it. This is to mimic what one might get in a real production environment.

Extract the BU data. Set analysis tools to changing wellbore storage and rectangular boundary. Match the tools to data on the loglog plot:

Generate auto-analytical model (Shift + Analytical), followed by Improve to obtain a decent match:

Save the file. Call it EX01_iPTA_Start.

Repeat the same process with Topaze with one exception:

Run a forecast in Topaze with the following settings:

To get something like this:

Save the file and EX01_iRTA_Start.kt5.

When loading for the first time, select the well in the field hierarchy and click on File, , under the Info tab:

Select the files and click on Open. A new Files folder will be created under the well where the files will be stored:

Additional files may be loaded using the steps described above. Alternatively, click on the Files folder and use the File option under the Info tab.

When Saphir or Topaze documents are uploaded under a well or field they are automatically pre-processed by KAPPA-Automate. The following are extracted as part of document pre-processing:

Select the EX01_iPTA_Start.ks5 file in the field hierarchy. By Default, the loglog plot from the Saphir file will be shown:

Using the Plot dropdown menu, select History plot:

Switch to the Info tab and scroll down to view the analysis results:

Analysis results can be extracted from the documents stored under a well and saved as well properties, the main use case being to track the evolution of parameters with time. Well properties results can be plotted or used in further processes or computations. Extraction of results can be configured as desired from the XML file contained in the K-W archives. It can be triggered on an individual document, or a folder. Finally, one can extract results from valid analyses only or all of them. Some workflows that create K-W documents automatically also trigger results extraction – this is the case with iPTA or iRTA described next.

Click on Extract Results, , among the options at the top:

Select Analysis 1 and click on OK. This will populate the Master container under well properties:

Inside the Master container, click on Permeability and switch to the Plot tab:

Since this is the first extraction for this well, only a single value from the analysis is displayed. View other well properties in the same manner.

To start an iPTA workflow, the following pre-requisites must be met:

To launch iPTA workflow, select a Saphir file (EX01_iPTA_Start.ks5) in the field hierarchy and click on Incremental PTA, , under the Info or Plot tab:

This will launch the following iPTA wizard:

Save Strategy

There are two ways users can create/update Saphir files with new data:

For this session, select the latter option.

Workflow type

There are three types of iPTA workflows available:

For this session, select the third option.

In the Improve parameters tab, select to improve on model: C[Final], Ci/Cf, Delta_t, Skin, and k only. Set the min-max range for k to 350-450 mD. Select Replicate results to Master.

In Improve targets tab set a Minimum elapsed time to 0.1 hr.

Click on Create.

When an iPTA is first launched, it will create a new container under Well properties node in the field hierarchy, named Container for <Name>. A new folder called Workflows will also be created in the field hierarchy, with the iPTA and any files created by this iPTA listed there:

iPTA Results under Workflows

Since the Single document with one analysis per shut-in save strategy was selected, one document, created under the Incremental PTA #1 (or whatever name was given to the iPTA) node. The document name follows this logic: <<Seed file name>> - <<start of shut-in date>>

So far, we only have one validated SI for this well. Therefore, only a single file is shown, showing the same model as the seed file.

iPTA Results under Well properties

The contents under the Container for Incremental PTA #1 container are like those under the Master container. They will automatically be updated/appended as new shut-ins are processed, giving users a complete time-lapsed view of the different well properties. Create a new User Plot under the well and call it PI, k S. Select Productivity Index, Permeability and Skin under Master container:

Click on Create:

A gauge is typically a mirror of a tag in a data source (historian or database). A gauge is typed precisely; and for instance, a particular pressure time series could be loaded as simply Pressure or more strongly typed as Bottom-hole pressure, Casing pressure etc. This is what we did when loading the pressure gauge. Typing is important as it will help automated processes select the proper input. When there are several instances of the same data type, it is possible to flag one as the reference. Once again this will guide automatic selection.

Labels can be added without restrictions to hierarchical objects. This is yet another way of enabling automatic selection later.

Select EX01_BHP_F and go to the Info tab. In the Custom labels field, enter finefilter and validate with Enter. Similarly, add the following labels to the other two filtered data:

Note that the data type for all these filters is BHP.

Go to the Incremental RTA #1 container and select Simulated pressure. Notice its data type is Pressure.

Go to the automation section. We will define a simple function which adds 1000 psia to a pressure gauge. We will use data typing and labelling to allow automatic selection of the gauge to use.  

Under the Functions page, click on Create:

Creating function instances

Go back to the field and select the KAEX01 well node.

Click on Function among the options in the ribbon at the top:

From the drop-down list, select P + 1000 (Pressure):

Based on the data type defined when creating the function, all BHP gauges under the well are listed  (the reference one being the default selection):

Switch to EX01_BHP_F_C and click on Create to create the function instance. Create another function and this time select P + 1000 (Coarse Pressure):

The correct pressure gauge based on data type + label is automatically selected. Once done, the two outputs may be compared with the original/input data using custom plots.

Plot templates can be created at the global K-A level, at the Field, Well Group and Well level. These provide a default view of the data at the selected level in the heirarchy. Plot templates benefit for data typing and labeling, which offer a flexible way to customize data display/visualization.

Select field node and go to the Plot tab.

Click on Set template, . This will open the definition plot template instance applied to the field.

Click on Load template

Select Pressure and production which represents the default template

Press Ok:

Now we see the pressure gauges in addition to the rate gauges.

Let us make the field level plot a little clearer. Click on Set template, . Click on Add a pane and in Pane 2, select BHP. Remove BHP from Pane 1.

Add a new pane and select to display GOR and WC in the third pane.

Add a fourth pane with the SI channel.

Select KAEX01 well in the field heirarcy and click on Set template, . Keep BHP in pane 1. Add a new pane and add oil rate, GOR and WC. Add a third pane.

Click on  and select well property.  

Add permeability 

Repeat the steps to add skin:

Press Set